Comparison of Low-polarity Volatile Constituents in Supercritical CO2 Extract from the Roots and Stem of Ilex asprella and Its Effects on the Proliferation of IEC- 6 Cells / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE： To compare low-polarity volatile constituents in supercritical CO2 extract from the roots and stem of Ilex asprella and its effects on the proliferation of IEC-6 in vitro， and to provide reference for making full use of wild resources of I. asprella and expanding its medicinal parts. METHODS： The low-polarity volatile constituents were extracted from the root and stem of I. asprella with supercritical fluid CO2 extraction（SFE-CO2）. The chemical constituents were analyzed by GC-MS. IEC-6 cells were treated with different concentrations of supercritical CO2 extracts （0， 1， 5， 10， 20， 40， 60， 80， 100 μg/mL） from roots or stems of I. asprella. MTT assay was used to detect the relative viability， and cell proliferation curve was drawn and EC50 of each extract were calculated. RESULTS： Sixty-two and forty-six low-polarity volatile constituents were identified from supercritical CO2 extract in the roots and stem of I. asprella with GC-MS； there were 24 common constituents totally， mainly including pelargonic acid（14.18％ and 6.14％），octanoic acid（10.59％ and 4.35％），hexanoic acid（8.63％ and 10.86％），paeonol（7.79％ and 6.00％），2-methyl-3-phenyl-propanal（6.3％ and 0.58％），acetic acid（1.72％ and 33.77％） in root and stem， respectively. The results of cell culture in vitro showed that when the concentration of supercritical CO2 extract from the roots and stems of I. asprella was lower （≤60 μg/mL）， it could significantly promote the proliferation of IEC-6 cells and their EC50 were 16.35， 20.20 μg/mL， respectively； when the concentration of the extract was higher （≥80 μg/mL）， it showed cytotoxicity and inhibited the proliferation of IEC-6 cells. CONCLUSIONS： There are similar species of volatile constituents in roots and stems of I. asprella and similar in vitro bioactivity of the supercritical CO2 extracts to IEC-6 cells. The short-chain fatty acids may be the active ingredient to promote cell proliferation， while paeonol may be the cytotoxic active ingredient.

Non-volatile constituents and pharmacology of Chimonanthus: A review / 中国天然药物

Chimonanthus plants widely distributed in southern area of China, which have a long history of edibles and medicine. Phytochemical investigations have shown that Chimonanthus produced 143 non-volatile constituents, including alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids, coumarins and others, which exhibit significant anti-oxidant, anti-bacterial, anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, antihyperglycemic, antihyperlipidemic and other biological activities. On the basis of systematic reviewing of literatures, this article overviews the non-volatile constituents and pharmacology of Chimonanthus from domestic and foreign over the last 30 years (until June 2018), and may provide a useful reference for the further development of Chimonanthus.

Volatile compounds and palynological analysis from pollen pots of stingless bees from the mid-north region of Brazil

ABSTRACT Samburá is the botanical pollen nectar agglutinated by salivary secretions of bees. Stingless bee pollen samples were collected in three periods of the year in Monsenhor Gil town, PI, Brazil, for extraction of volatile constituents by different techniques, analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and the palynological analysis used to identify the dominant pollen. Among the volatile compounds identified, kaur-16-ene, methyl and ethyl hexadecanoate, methyl linoleate and heneicosane were identified more frequently in the studied parameters: period of sample collection and extraction techniques used. The palynological analysis identified the pollen of Mimosa caesalpiniifolia Benth. as the dominant pollen in all samples studied.

Detection and Identification of Volatile Constituents from Leaves and Fruits of Piper nigrum by HS-SPME-GC-MS / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE:To establish a method for the detection of volatile constituents from the leaves and fruits of Piper ni-grum. METHODS:HS-SPME-GC-MS was used. The chromatographic conditions:column was HP-5 MS quartz elastic capillaries, carrier gas was high purity helium(99.999%),flow rate was 1.0 mL/min,the inlet temperature was 250 ℃,initial temperature of column was 50 ℃(temperature programmed),split injection with split ratio of 10:1. MS conditions:ionization mode was electron impact ion source,ionization energy was 80 eV,ion source temperature was 230 ℃,quadrupole temperature was 150 ℃,trans-mission line temperature was 280 ℃,electron multiplier voltage was 1588 V,mass scanning range was m/z 30-400. The spectra were retrieved using RTLPEST3. L and NIST08. L,and the relative contents of the volatile constituents were determined by area normalization method. RESULTS:There were 28 volatile constituents in the leaves and 15 in the fruits,respectively accounting for 67.13% and 36.85%. The major volatile constituents of leaves were β-caryophyllene (15.72%),limonene (9.39%),3-carene (9.32%),β-pinene(6.80%),α-terpine(4.98%),etc.,the main volatile constituents of fruits were 1,7,7-trimethyl-2-vinylbicyclo [2.2.1]hept-2-ene(10.45%),espatulenol(8.28%),caryophyllene oxide(4.81%),etc. 5 constituents were owned in both. CON-CLUSIONS:The study basically clears the main volatile constituents from the leaves and fruits of P. nigrum,and verifies existing obvious differences.

Quantitative determination of seven major absorbed volatile constituents in mice brain, liver and blood after intragastric administration of Asari Radix et Rhizoma suspension by headspace-solid phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry / 中国中药杂志

A headspace-solid phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry method（HS-SPME-GC-MS） was adopted for the quantitative study of 4-allylanisole, methyl eugenol, 2,3,5-trimethoxytoluene, 3,4,5-trimethoxytoluene, sarisan, 3,5-dimethoxytoluene and safrole in mice brain, liver tissues and blood after intragastric administration of Asari Radix et Rhizoma. A VF-WAXms (30 m×0.25 mm, 0.25 μm film thickness) capillary column and SPME fiber coated with 65 μm polydimethylsiloxane/divinylbenzene (PDMS/DVB) were used. The calibration curves of seven volatile constituents were established to validate the method's stability (RSD<15%), repeatability (RSD<9.5%), accuracy (RSD<22%), relative recovery (87.0%-108%) and extraction recovery (74.9%-102%). The validated HS-SPME-GC-MS assay was applied to determine the concentrations of seven constituents in liver, brain and blood. The detected contents were 0.22,0.14 μg•g⁻¹,0.25 mg•L⁻¹ (4-allylanisole), 1.1, 0.39 μg•g⁻¹, 0.69 mg•L⁻¹ (methyl eugenol), 0.45, 0.13 μg•g⁻¹, 0.54 mg•L⁻¹ (2,3,5-trimethoxytoluene), 0.51, 0.15 μg•g⁻¹, 0.45 mg•L⁻¹ (3,4,5-trimethoxytoluene), 0.48, 0.039 μg•g⁻¹, 0.69 mg•L ⁻¹ (sarisan), 2.2, 1.2 μg•g⁻¹, 1.5 mg•L⁻¹ (3,5-dimethoxytoluene) and 1.3, 0.67 μg•g⁻¹, 1.1 mg•L⁻¹ (safrole) respectively. This HS-SPME-GC-MS method is rapid and convenient, with a small sample size, and applicable for the analysis and determination of volatile constituents in traditional Chinese medicines, which provides scientific data for further studies on effective substances and toxic substances in Asari Radix et Rhizoma.

GC-MS characterization of n-hexane soluble compounds of Cyperus rotundus L. rhizomes.

Cyperus rotundus L., popularly known as nutgrass or nagarmotha, is commonly used in the traditional medicine for inflammatory disorders. In the present study, n-hexane extract from rhizomes of C. rotundus (HCR) was analyzed for its constituents using GC-MS technique. The rhizomes were collected, washed, shade dried and powdered. N-hexane extract was prepared by cold percolation method and preliminary phytochemical screening was carried out. It was subjected to Gas Chromatography coupled with Mass Spectroscopy (GC-MS) for the identification of components thereon. Preliminary phytochemical screening of HCR revealed the presence of phenolics, sterols and terpenoids. GC-MS data indicates the presence of twenty seven low polar components in HCR. The major identified molecules include hentriacontane (7.15%), triacontane (6.12%), nonacosane (5%), octacosane (4.38%), octadecane (2.35%), hexadecane (2.32%), eicosane (1.56%), pentatriacontane (1.43%), 9-di-tert-butyl-1-oxaspiro(4,5)deca-6,9-diene-2,8-dione (1.37%), Heneicosane, 3-methyl- (1.27%), α-cyperone (1.25%), heptadecane (1.15%) and gamma-Sitosterol (1%). As some of these constituents are known to possess anticancer activity, HCR could be used as an active therapeutic ingredient.

Analysis of the Volatile Constituents of the Compound Extract from 3 Medicinal Materials in Siji Ganmao Tablet by Supercritical CO2 Fluid Extraction / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE:To study the volatile constituents of the compound extract from Folium Perillae,Pericarpium Citri and Herb Schizonepetae in Siji Ganmao tablet by supercritical CO2 fluid extraction (SFE-CO2). METHODS:Supercritical CO2 ex-traction technology was used to extract the volatile constituents of 3 medical material in Siji Ganmao tablet. The chemical constitu-ents of the compound extract from 3 medicinal materials were analyzed by GC-MS. RESULTS:The extracting rate of SFE-CO2 was 2.21%,21 compounds in the compound extract were separated and 16 compounds were identified with the major components of si-nensetin(36.56%)and linolic acid(19.52%). The extracting rate of water steam distillation(SD)was 1.035%,51 compounds in the compound extract were separated and 32 compounds were identified with the major components of D-limonene(62.40%) and thujone(15.49%). CONCLUSIONS:The volatile constituents of F. perillae,P. cCitri and H. Schizonepetae can be compound ex-tracted by SFE-CO2,however,it is different from the constituents of the compound volatile oil by SD.

Analysis of Volatile Constituents in Folium Isatidis by Head-space Solid Micro-extraction Coupled with GC-MS / 中国药师

Objective:To investigate the volatile constituents in Folium isatidis. Methods:The volatile constituents from Folium isatidis were analyzed by head-space solid micro-extraction coupled with GC-MS for the first time. Results: Thirty-five compounds (89. 95%) were identified from the volatile constituents in Folium isatidis. The main volatile constituents of Folium isatidis were 6, 10, 14-trimethyl-2-pentadecanone (6. 32%), nonanal (5. 99%), phenethyl isothiocyanate (5. 79%) and palmitic acid (5. 62%). Conclusion:Palmitic acid and benzyl alcohol may be the main effective constituents in Folium isatidis.

Volatile Constituents from Three Parts of Cucurbita Moschata Duch. (Miben) by Head-Space Solid Phase Micro-Extraction Coupled with GC-MS / 世界科学技术-中医药现代化

This study was aimed to analyze the volatile constituents from flower, stem tip and seed of Cucurbita moschata Duch.(Miben). The volatiles were analyzed by head-space solid micro-extraction, coupled with GC-MS and Kovats indices for the first time . The results showed that 22 compounds were identified from the flower , 20 from the stem tip and 21 from the seed of the C. moschata (Miben). The total essential constituents from each part were 91 . 89%, 89 . 24% and 96 . 26%, respectively . A total of 10 compounds in the flower and stem tip were mutual. And 3 compounds in the flower, stem tip and seed were mutual. It was concluded that the β-bourbonene (17.57%) and heneicosane (11.90%) were the highest components of the total essential constituents of the flower of C. moschata (Miben). Decanal (28.77%) was the highest components of the stem tip and hexadecanoic acid ethyl ester (29.12%), 2,3-butanediol (16.90%) and linoleic acid ethyl ester (16.52%) were the highest compo-nents of seed of C. moschata (Miben).

Variação dos teores de constituintes voláteis de Cymbopogon citratus (DC) Staf, Poaceae, coletados em diferentes regiões do Estado de São Paulo / Variation in the amounts of volatile constituents of Cymbopogon citratus (DC) Staf, Poaceae, collected in different regions of São Paulo State

O óleo essencial extraído de Cymbopogon citratus (DC) Staf, Poaceae, é rico em citral sendo amplamente empregado na indústria química e farmacêutica. Os objetivos desse estudo foram avaliar o conteúdo de citral entre populações de C. citratus coletados em duas regiões diferentes (Ibiúna e Pindamonhangaba, Estado de São Paulo). O óleo essencial extraído de uma população cultivada em Pindamonhangaba-SP apresentou uma concentração alta de citral (aproximadamente 96,0 por cento), enquanto que o óleo extraído da população de Ibiúna-SP apresentou, além de citral, proporções elevadas de outro monoterpeno, o geraniol. Adicionalmente, os óleos essenciais obtidos desta população de C. citratus foram extraídos e analisados ao longo de 24 h (a cada 3 h), sendo que o teor de citral foi maior no período da noite, o que mostra a importância de estudos que avaliam as diferenças químicas associadas às mudanças circadianas. Os componentes dos óleos essenciais foram identificados por RMN de 13C, CG/EM e CG através do índice de Kovats.

The essential oil extracted from Cymbopogon citratus (DC) Staf, Poaceae, is rich in citral and has many applications in chemical and pharmaceutical industry. The aims of this study were evaluate the amount of citral in populations of C. citratus collected in two different regions (Ibiúna and Pindamonhangaba, São Paulo State). The essential oil extracted of a cultivated population in Pidamonhangaba-SP, showed a high content of citral (approximately 96.0 percent), while the essential oil from Ibiuna-SP, showed citral and high amounts of another monoterpene, geraniol. Additionally, the essential oils from this population of C. citratus were extracted and analyzed during 24 h (each 3 h), being the major concentration of citral in the night period, indicating that studies which evaluated the chemical differences associated to circadian changes. The components of essential oils were identified through 13C NMR, GC/MS, GC and Kovat's index.

Variabilidade sazonal dos constituintes da própolis vermelha e bioatividade em Artermia salina / Seasonal variability of red propolis constituents and brine shrimp bioassay

A própolis é uma substância resinosa coletada pelas abelhas de diversas partes das plantas. Sua composição depende da época, vegetação e local de coleta. Apresenta diversas atividades biológicas como antimicrobiana, antioxidante, antitumoral, dentre outras. Foi realizado estudo da variabilidade sazonal, nos meses de fevereiro, junho e outubro de 2006, dos constituintes voláteis da própolis vermelha de Pernambuco através da extração por headspace dinâmico e identificação por cromatografia gasosa acoplada com espectrometria de massas (CG-EM). Foram identificados 34 constituintes voláteis, sendo monoterpenos e monoterpenóides, sesquiterpenos e sesquiterpenóides, fenilpropanóides, aldeídos, cetonas e η-alcanos. Os constituintes majoritários foram o trans-anetol, α-copaeno e o metil cis-isoeugenol. Também foi realizado o perfil fitoquímico por cromatografia em camada delgada (CCD), através da qual os constituintes fenólicos foram identificados como majoritários. Com o extrato bruto metanólico da própolis, realizou-se o ensaio de letalidade em Artemia salina, que demonstrou DL50 de 18,9 µg/mL, sugerindo uma possível atividade antitumoral.

Propolis is a resinous hive product collected by honeybees from plant sources. The composition of the propolis depends on the season, the vegetation, and the area of collection. It presents a diverse biological activities such as antimicrobial, antioxidant and antitumoral. The seasonal variability of the red propolis constituents from Pernambuco State were accomplished in the months of February, June and October of 2006. The volatile red propolis constituients were captured by the dynamic headspace technique and analyzed by GC-MS. In the analysis of the samples, 34 constituents were identified as the mono and sesquiterpens, phenylpropanoids, aldehydes, cetons and n-alcanes, presenting as majority constituents the trans-anethol, α-copaene and methyl cis-isoeugenol. The phytochemistry profile was performed by thin layer chromatography (TLC). Through this technique the majority constituents were identified as phenols. The Brine shrimp bioassay was used to evaluate of the red propolis methanolic extract, which demonstrated a DL50 of 18.9 µg/mL and an activity antitumoral was possibly suggested.

Alkaloids and volatile constituents from the stem of Fusaea longifolia (Aubl.) Saff. (Annonaceae)

A phytochemical study of the ethanol extract and an extraction of the volatile compounds, performed by means of Clevenger apparatus were carried out with the stem of Fusaea longifolia (Aubl.) Saff. (Annonaceae). The ethanol extract yielded O-methylmoschatoline, isolated for the first time in this species, and stepholidine, reported for the first time in genus Fusaea. The structural identification of the alkaloids was made based on the analysis of their NMR spectra. Through the use of GC and GC-MS, two sesquiterpenoids, a-cadinol (12.5 percent) and spatulenol (12.0 percent) were identified as the major constituents of the essential oil.

Comparative study of volatile chemical constituents from shell and kernel of Caesalpinia minax Hance / 中华中医药杂志

Objective:To compare the volatile chemical constituents from the shell and kernel of Caesalpinia minax Hance.Methods:The volatile chemical compositions of Caesalpinia minax Hance were obtained by organic solvent-wet distillation and were analyzed by GC-MS equipped with a elastic quartz capillary column HP-5MS 5%Phenyl Methyl Siloxane(30m?0.25mm?0.25?m).The constituents were identified by their mass spectra.The relative percentage of the volatile constituents was calculated from the GC peak areas.Results:One hundred and fifteen kinds of chemical constituents in the shell of Caesalpinia minax Hance were separated and sixty-three of them,which accounts for 54.7%of total volatile constituents, were characterized.There are five kinds whose relative contents were more than 2.0%.One hundred and two kinds of chemical constituents in the kernel of Caesalpinia minax Hance were separated and fifty-one of them,which accounts for 50.0%,were characterized.There are seven kinds whose relative contents were more than 2.0%.Form the shell and kernel of Caesalpinia minax Hance there were forty kinds of chemical constituents the same.The most relative contents were Limonene(5.31%,shell)and 1-Hexanol(12.94%,kernel).Conclusion:This paper reports,for the first time,the comparison of volatile constituents from shell and kernel of Caesalpinia minax Hance.It is helpful for controlling the quality and further researching of Caesalpinia minax Hance.

Study on Volatile Constituents from Tamarix ramosissima / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE: To conduct a quantitative analysis of volatile constituents from Tamarix ramosissima.METHODS: The volatile constituents were extracted from T.ramosissima using solid phase microextraction and identified using GC-MS combined with Kvotas retention index.RESULTS: 34 constituents were separated from T.ramosissima and 25 constituents were identified.The relative mass content of volatile constituents was determined by peak area normalization method,accounting for 89.50% of total peak area.The main chemical constituents were pentadecane (16.83%),nonanal (12.45%),hexadecane (8.20%),tetradecane (8.08%) and hexanal (7.37%).The result showed hydrocarbon (37.11%),aldehyde (27.56%),ketone (8.89%) and alcohol (8.04%) were the main constituents.CONCLUSION: The study can provide scientific basis for the further development of T.ramosissima.